{"id":1507,"date":"2023-02-22T05:11:29","date_gmt":"2023-02-22T05:11:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/?p=1507"},"modified":"2023-02-22T05:20:26","modified_gmt":"2023-02-22T05:20:26","slug":"a-brief-history-of-flint-knapping","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/a-brief-history-of-flint-knapping\/","title":{"rendered":"A Brief History of Flint Knapping"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1507\" class=\"elementor elementor-1507\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5ed052c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5ed052c6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9de3af7\" data-id=\"9de3af7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-373052f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"373052f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 08-05-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4251f8d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4251f8d4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-565da786\" data-id=\"565da786\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90b89eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90b89eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 08-05-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>Flint-knapping is a general term used to describe the act of shaping various silica based rocks into usable tools and art. It involves using hard objects such as rock, antler, bone, wood, and various other metals such as copper and iron to name a few to hit the stone and remove flakes of material. Stone tools have been recorded and collected at archeological sites that are dated to have been created approximately 2.6 million years ago. 1.76 million years ago is when archeologists believe that humans began actually knocking flakes off of rock and then creating smaller flakes off of the original large flake to thin down the material and create sharp edges.\u00a0 Some of these tools were used for scraping hides, chopping down trees, knives, arrow heads, drills, etc.<\/p><p>The reason why stones such as flint\/chert, obsidian, granite, and other silica based rocks were selected for tools is because the percentage of silica is high. This allows for the rocks to be broken in more predictable shards\/flakes and thinned down, allowing for easier creation of a workable edge and deadly sharp tools. Obsidian tools are glass like with very sharp edges. Obsidian has\u00a0 been shown to be sharper than steel in some circumstances. Though stone is functional, there are areas where stone tools fail in comparison to metal tools, but the main difference\/issue is durability. Flint knapping has been used globally over time with many different cultures. Many created their own tool\/weapon styles based on their region and creativity. I hope to describe where these tools were created and what types of rocks were used for knapping across the world and where you can find flint mines in the United States. I will describe the oldest known use of stone tools and the gradual expansion of craftmanship\/tool design overtime. Lastly, I will glance over how and why stone tools were eventually replaced.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-38a94bc7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"38a94bc7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4f63f591\" data-id=\"4f63f591\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e6285ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4e6285ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 08-05-2024 *\/\n.elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--spacer-size)}.e-con{--container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(--container-widget-width,var(--spacer-size));--align-self:var(--container-widget-align-self,initial);--flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container{height:100%;width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--container-widget-height,var(--spacer-size))}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty{position:relative;min-height:22px;min-width:22px}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;padding:0;width:22px;height:22px}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5719da28 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5719da28\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6d07e4a2\" data-id=\"6d07e4a2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9c3cd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c9c3cd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. Where Flint is Found <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-30c08fba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"30c08fba\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-59d55b08\" data-id=\"59d55b08\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33ff814 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"33ff814\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Flint, like many materials is abundant in certain regions of the world. In others there may be little to no knappable rocks due to the mineral composition and natural history of the region. For there to be flint deposits there must be limestone. Robert Turner, author of the book Flint Knapping \u2013 A Guide To Making Your Own Stone Age Toolkit, describes trends in flint deposits when he writes, \u201cThe chalk as it formed had a top layer some 8m to 9m thick of detritus (material of rotting corpses of sea creatures and decaying seaweed). This created hydrogen sulfide that has the ability to have an ion exchange with silicon making silicon dioxide. Though this layer filtrated SiO2, silicon dioxide, settled into cavities and water table levels to become, over time, the flint layers we see today\u201d (Turner, p.130). This indicates that the creation of flint is dependent on areas of land being covered in either lakes or ocean long ago and then receding. This is why flint is found in areas such as Ohio, Kansas, Missouri, Northern Oklahoma, Texas, etc. as all of these regions were once covered by ocean. Basically, any place you can find native limestone, there are probably flint deposits near you.<\/p>\n<p>Because of the way that flint is created\/formed it should be noted that the best, most pure flint is found deeper in the rock table, the surface flint is typically not as \u201cfiltered\u201d (Turner, p.130) and contains greater impurities such as crystal pockets and fossils. These impurities can prevent flakes from running across the piece and reduce its overall workability, creating fractures that can either inhibit the further removal of flakes, or weaken the piece and make it prone to snapping due to internal fractures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-43c9bc1f\" data-id=\"43c9bc1f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52ffc7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"52ffc7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 08-05-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1025\" src=\"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/HistoryofFlint1-768x1025.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1509\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/HistoryofFlint1-768x1025.jpg 768w, https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/HistoryofFlint1-scaled-600x800.jpg 600w, https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/HistoryofFlint1-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/HistoryofFlint1-1151x1536.jpg 1151w, https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/HistoryofFlint1-1535x2048.jpg 1535w, https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/HistoryofFlint1-scaled.jpg 1919w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-486d187 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"486d187\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A few of the first points I have made. Mostly made from glass, but one is made from local flint&nbsp;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51b5b176 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51b5b176\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-46df8133\" data-id=\"46df8133\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33da6d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"33da6d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1f5df898 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1f5df898\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3d32777c\" data-id=\"3d32777c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46d83c72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"46d83c72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. The Oldest Known Use of Stone Tools (Early Stone Age)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f3ec3a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f3ec3a3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-35616d6c\" data-id=\"35616d6c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75443fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75443fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As I mentioned previously, humans have been using stone tools for millions of years. The oldest recorded evidence of this is an African site referred to as the <a href=\"https:\/\/humanorigins.si.edu\/evidence\/behavior\/stone-tools\/early-stone-age-tools\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oldowan tool kit<\/a> which has been dated to originate approximately 2.6 million years ago. The Smithsonian Human Origins Initiative website (linked above) goes into detail about the tool kit. The tool kit consisted of at least a few hammer stones (rocks used to break other rocks) with evidence of use on the rocks, stone cores that have flakes removed along one or more edges and lastly, there is evidence of stone flakes removed from the cores that were used as cutting edges along with waste pieces from chipping. These initial stone tools were crude and not like the stone pieces we see with more recent stone tools\/arrowheads that you may find across North America. By about 1.6 million years ago is when humans began using large flake and removing smaller flakes from the large flake. This allowed for thinner edges and more intricate work.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5299e2fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5299e2fc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-76e090c9\" data-id=\"76e090c9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58582d50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"58582d50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4912daee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4912daee\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3b042fec\" data-id=\"3b042fec\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe12a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fe12a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. Eurasian Stone Tools (Middle Stone Age)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7b09ef50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7b09ef50\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad17c14\" data-id=\"2ad17c14\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0b4551 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d0b4551\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Within the last 400,000 and 250,000 years humans entered a newer level. Between these time periods you begin to see slow, but noticeable changes in craftsmanship and the way in which tools were created. The increased craftsmanship lead way to the creation of more advance and smaller tools to allow for smaller flakes to be removed rather than large ones. Between 300,000 and 200,000 years ago is when you begin to see the methodology of stone flakers in toolkits become abundant in some parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia. In the<a href=\"https:\/\/humanorigins.si.edu\/evidence\/behavior\/stone-tools\/middle-stone-age-tools\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Middle Stone Period <\/a>(approximately 50,000 to 30,000 years ago) do you start to see more intricate designs and tools that were typically hafted to things such as spears, shafts, and other materials depending on intended function. Stone awls, knives, and scrapers also begin appearing during this period.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5cccf767 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5cccf767\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3d89e65f\" data-id=\"3d89e65f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63b6a6a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"63b6a6a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-531c12b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"531c12b1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7399e820\" data-id=\"7399e820\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-645a2401 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"645a2401\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4. Native American Stone Tools in America (Late Stone Age)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dbffb93 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dbffb93\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a27b1\" data-id=\"47a27b1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c4c99b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c4c99b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Around <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neh.gov\/humanities\/2014\/marchapril\/feature\/the-first-americans#:~:text=In%20the%201970s%2C%20college%20students,known%20collectively%20as%20Clovis%20people.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">13,000 years ago<\/a> (though some argue <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-020-2509-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">30,000 years ago<\/a> or earlier) is when archeologists believe that humans began crossing into North America using a newly emerged land bridge caused by the reduced sea level during the ice age as the water was accumulating in glaciers. The first notable group of people that crossed into North America are referred to as the ancestors of the Clovis people. Here you begin to see more culturally tied designs of tools and various degrees and methods of reducing points. Native Americans are\/were one of the last peoples to use stone tools before moving to other forms of tool creation. Here we continue to see the trend that as people kept entering the land bridge and expanding across the Americas, you begin to see unique styles and culturally tied designs\/tools based on whatever purposes they saw fit and the materials that they had available.<\/p>\n<p>There is evidence that material was traded across the continent as you tend to find materials and tools that don\u2019t seem to belong based on the local geology. This could have introduced various cultures to new techniques and designs. I encourage everyone reading to look up arrowhead designs in North America and the cultures\/regions they originate from. The triangular piece I found is shown on the homepage is referred to as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.projectilepoints.net\/Points\/Plains_Triangle.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plains triangular<\/a>. It is approximately 1000 years old give or take and has been linked to a nomadic bison hunting tribe. I speculate how true this identification is based on the range they have allocated for the points, but you never know what was traded and where someone really was in an age that had no true boundaries, especially when they followed the paths of the bison. &nbsp;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7dd8dbf4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7dd8dbf4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5251249f\" data-id=\"5251249f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3f9f1abd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3f9f1abd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-29f3b718\" data-id=\"29f3b718\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1688277f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1688277f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">5. How Stone Tools Were Replaced<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3d3d5b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3d3d5b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-12c288e2\" data-id=\"12c288e2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d7c57e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6d7c57e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As predicted, all good things must end. As observed in Eurasia, stone tools began being outcompeted during the copper age at about 5,000 BCE. Copper is tougher and more malleable. It is able to be sharpened and re-bent if damaged or remolded into its original shape. Overall, it most likely saved time and energy as one didn\u2019t have to create a greater surplus of tools with the expectation that most would break. In places within Africa copper tools were seen as early as 2000 BCE. In North America it is a bit more interesting. There is evidence that various tribes began using copper tools about the same time that copper was being used in Eurasia, though something strange occurred.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;In Michelle Bebber, et, al.\u2019s nature article The exceptional abandonment of metal tools by North American hunter-gatherers, 3000 B.P. the authors go on to discuss this strange occurrence regarding some Native American people\u2019s use of metal tools when they state,\u201d Cases where metal tools were indigenously innovated and used, but did not ultimately predominate or replace stone tools, are rare. Thus, the abandonment of Old Copper Culture utilitarian tools facilitates the examination of an exceptional situation in human prehistory: how and why metal tools were selected against. Binford found this situation particularly \u201cinteresting\u201d because of the general assumption that in terms of \u201cabsolute efficiency\u201d copper tools were superior to their functional equivalents in stone, possessing both greater durability as well as superiority in accomplishing cutting and piercing tasks. However, acknowledging that the manufacture of copper tools would have required greater energy expenditure than stone tools, maintained that copper tools would have still been more efficient in terms of net energy expenditure. This is because copper tools were \u201cprobably more durable and could have been utilized for a longer period of time\u201d. Thus, despite the greater energy required to produce a copper tool relative to a stone one, a copper tool\u2019s durability would have conserved energy in task performance\u201d. The authors are suggesting that though some Great Lake societies were using copper tools relatively early. Their technological advancement regressed as their populations increased as did the complexity of their society. The amount of energy required to continue creating copper tools was observed to be higher than that of stone tools, possibly causing a shift to revert back to the stone tools, though in the long run it would have been significantly more energy efficient to continue with copper.<\/p>\n<p>Throughout various metal ages there has always been continuous use of stone tools, but it is typical that once metallurgy is discovered the stone tools begin to become replaced or are observed in lesser numbers. Once iron begins to be used in Europe stone tools really begin to die out. Once the Europeans began to enter North America and trade with various native groups you also begin to see this trend, especially once European settlement\/expansion begins.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-240626a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"240626a7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53d01869\" data-id=\"53d01869\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70070cc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"70070cc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bd73d70 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bd73d70\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-702cd4c1\" data-id=\"702cd4c1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ff5da91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3ff5da91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-479ff514 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"479ff514\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1bf0a11d\" data-id=\"1bf0a11d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a66b6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0a66b6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Given the amount of metal tools we have access to on a daily basis and the substantial efficiency that it brings; it is hard for me to wrap my head around the fact that humans have used nothing more than stone tools longer than any other type of metal tool. After working with stone myself, I can definitely see how crude tools can be used from small to large flakes for cutting and shaving wood\/meat as the flakes are razor sharp (three of my fingers currently have a few cuts along some joints from making contact with shards while trying to create an arrowhead from a chunk of flint). I find it interesting that as humans set out to explore the world, they brought the tools with them.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>I wonder how much flint knapping knowledge and skills in the North American archeological record is based upon or copied from that seen in Europe as there seems to be some link. After working with stone myself, I understand why they eventually shifted to metal tools. Even though stone is sharper than steel at fine edges, it is not nearly as strong and is too brittle to be used for anything which needs high amounts of force repeatedly applied to the edge. Flint is a very hard rock prior to being thinned down. Working it into a complex shape has a learning curve as you are relying on your own muscles and coordination to spot platforms and hit them properly without breaking the piece. I appreciate the amount of patience and observation it takes to create a point or tool. It makes me have greater gratitude for the metal tools we have today and the amount of sweat and time they save me.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47a200df\" data-id=\"47a200df\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8598307 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8598307\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"686\" height=\"386\" src=\"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/jackcraftyexp.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1511\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/jackcraftyexp.jpg 686w, https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/jackcraftyexp-600x338.jpg 600w, https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/jackcraftyexp-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 686px) 100vw, 686px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f261212 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f261212\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A video thumbnail of a side-notched arrowhead by a flint knapping youtuber I watch named <a href=\"http:\/\/670 - Abo Flintknapping Side-notch Arrowhead 1\/2\" target=\"_blank\">Jack Crafty<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-143ee12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"143ee12\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6dd98546\" data-id=\"6dd98546\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-689deff8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"689deff8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7eaae4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7eaae4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4ac4c88a\" data-id=\"4ac4c88a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1975ce4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1975ce4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Works Cited <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-163f30a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"163f30a9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7a1298d0\" data-id=\"7a1298d0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ed1070 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5ed1070\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bebber, Michelle R., et al. \u201cThe Exceptional Abandonment of Metal Tools by North American Hunter-Gatherers, 3000 B.P.\u201d Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 8 Apr. 2019, https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-42185-y.<\/p><p>\u201cEarly Stone Age Tools.\u201d The Smithsonian Institution&#8217;s Human Origins Program, The Smithsonian , 29 June 2022, https:\/\/humanorigins.si.edu\/evidence\/behavior\/stone-tools\/early-stone-age-tools. \u00a0<\/p><p>Turner, Robert. \u201cUK Flint Mines and USA Flint Mines.\u201d Flint Knapping: A Guide to Making Your Own Stone Age Toolkit, The History Press, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2013, p. 130.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5ef7c381 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5ef7c381\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-207909a6\" data-id=\"207909a6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6726ee4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6726ee4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Flint-knapping is a general term used to describe the act of shaping various silica based rocks into usable tools and art. It involves using hard objects such as rock, antler, bone, wood, and various other metals such as copper and iron to name a few to hit the stone and remove flakes of material. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1509,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,9],"tags":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/HistoryofFlint1-scaled.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1507"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1507"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1507\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1524,"href":"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1507\/revisions\/1524"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1509"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1507"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1507"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flintandfish.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1507"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}